Pigments and Inks in the Crusader Bible
Blue = ultramarine
Red = vermilion
Orange = red lead (minium)
Green = copper-based (verdigris or malachite)
Brown = iron oxide
Yellow = iron oxide
Black = carbon-based
Pink = organic red lake
White = lead white, also used with all other pigments to create variations in hue
Inks = iron gall (Latin inscriptions); carbon-based
The use of ultramarine is significant; the pigment is derived from the rare stone lapis lazuli, and the laborious process of extracting it from the stone added to its prohibitive cost. Its use throughout the Crusader Bible points to the elevated status of the patron and the artist.